Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Please see the Terms of use for more information. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). Hence male and female data were analysed separately. They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. cameroon water resources for lions. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). Your email address will not be published. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . During this time game sightings were spectacular. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Namib Desert Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Molua EL and Lambi CM. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. Many springs occur. In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. We're sorry. 3A). Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). (I accept). Equatorial conditions in the south create no flood peaks per season (i.e., Lobe and Nyong). David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. British Geological Survey. Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. Lions of the okavango delta. Freya Van Kesteren, Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. 1998). That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. AMCOW. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. Surface water. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. Fish River Canyon Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Tsavo National Park - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. 1). Values>0 indicate preference, values<0 suggest use but avoidance. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. It provides fresh water for an entire community. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. Your email address will not be published. It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). 2018. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2015) of groundwater. 2006. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. Required fields are marked *. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. 18, ST/TCD/5. The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). 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