extends beyond the borders of the US. The EU average gender pay gap was 13.0% in 2020. We provide empirical evidence that cultural factors, which are embedded in societies long before the compensation decisions, significantly improve our ability to explain the pay gap (from 44% with traditional determinants of executive compensation to 95% when also including the cultural norms). From 1989 to 1997, Professor Taylor wrote an economics opinion column for theSan Jose Mercury-News. Conducting a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis we determine that when we add the cultural norm variables to a model with previous explanatory variables such as executive role, tenure, and firm characteristics, the models explanatory power for the executive gender compensation gap increases from 44% to 95%. On 17 August 2022, StatsNZ announced that the gender pay gap was 9.2 percent. !, Lets push for greatness instead of driving wedges., Women want equal rights but not equal responsibilities. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. with the biggest gender pay gaps, ranked least to worst: , which is better than the average pay gap in the European Union of about 19%. Some of these mechanisms concern supply factors that have to do with the qualifications and abilities of individuals, gender-role socialization, workers values, the range of opportunities available to workers, and the size of the labour supply. According to data from the same OECD report, some of the member nations with the most significant. Our measures of culture derive from the World Values Survey, a widely used survey of individual attitudes conducted in many countries by teams of social scientists. You need at least a Starter Account to use this feature. In 1993, 44.5% of women in South Africa were working; a number that rose to 48.9% by 2018. The report walks through a number of possible explanations for gender wage gaps--although because the ILO is focused on a cross-country analysis, it is somewhat limited by what kinds of cross-country data are available. The gender wage gap is defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. The ILO noted wide variation in wage gaps across countries concluding that 'on average, women are paid approximately 20 per cent less than men' ( Global . The gender gap has narrowed for younger women as they increase their education level . Congress didn't take major action to address . Women are concentrated in lower-paid, lower-skill work. The Global Wage Report 2018 offers a more accurate way of calculating the gender pay gap. ** Data from 2018, The EU Gender Equality Index 2022, by country, The Gender Equality Index in Italy 2021, by type of inequality. Latest available data for a fixed period, A new visualization tool depicts the gender-based wage gap at the state level using 2019 ACS and 2019 Puerto Rico Community Survey data. According to a 2021 report by the World Economic Forum, women earn 37% less than men in similar positions. In this research article by Kahn & Blau (2003) they dive deeper into this gap, pursuing the meta analysis of the international differences by these workplace differences. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information This one is probably one of your best. Since 1980, Asian and White women have been able to close the gap between their salaries and the salaries of white men by approximately 22 cents. (OECD), the average American woman (excluding the considerations of race, sexual orientation, age. Weve seen various laws set into place such as the Equal Opportunity Law (EEO), Civil Rights Act of 1994, and other discrimination laws mainly based in the United States, but in other countries it these laws in action may not be the same. The gender pay gap is also found to vary by age. You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. "[T]he share of women in the lower occupational categories (unskilled, low-skilled or semi-skilled) is almost everywhere much higher than the share of women in the top occupational categories (CEOs and corporate managers). Even with slightly more than half of the female population in the workforce, women were still 20 percentage points behind the employment rate of Korean men, the OECD reported. That's a difference of 25 percentage points, with some regions facing a gap of more than 50 percentage points. The main factors contributing . Where in the world is gender pay inequality most and least pronounced? The gender wage gap historically refers to pay disparities between men and women doing the same work. * Our sample consists of top executives across 31 countries over the 2004-2016 period. All rights reserved. You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. Based on the data combined from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and development (OCED) articles, South Korea is one of the biggest countries under the umbrella with an astounding economic growth, a employment rate of 74%, and a very stable and high education rate but behind those numbers, the wage gap in this country has merely been narrowed down with a wage gap of 39% highlighting the astonishing differences between South Korea and various other countries among the OCED. Finland is classified as "high income" by The World Bank, while Mexico is classified as "upper middle income." you can use them for inspiration and simplify your student life. However, country-level results differ tremendously with high gaps of more than 20% in Estonia and Germany and gaps below 5% in Belgium . Experts in their fields, worth listening to, are the ones who write our articles. With few women in managerial positions in the workplace or in parliament, the Angolan . The table at the bottom of this page . Vertical segregation, also known as hierarchical segregation, or the authority gap, refers to the fact that men are much more likely than women to be in positions of authority. Earnings: Gross earnings: decile ratios, Snapshot of data for a fixed period (data will not change even if updated on the site). He has published multiple lectures on economics throughThe Teaching Company. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. But for example, while lower education levels might have played a role in lower human capital for women somedecades in the past, those education gaps have now been dramatically reduced, and do not seem like a likely mechanism for explaining the curent gender gap.However, there are at least four patterns behind the gender wage gap that show up strongly in the cross country data.One is "vertical occupational segregation," which refers to a common pattern that although education levels are similar, women are more likely to be found in lower-skilled occupational categories. "[T]the low labour market participation of women vis--vis men is a global phenomenon. At Minnesota, he was named a Distinguished Lecturer by the Department of Economics and voted Teacher of the Year by the master's degree students at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Thus, these essays are of lower quality than ones written by experts. Globally, the gender gap in labour force participation among adults (25-54) has stagnated over the past 20 years. But women in Canada still earn 18.2% less than the median wage of men, despite the Canadian Employment Standards Act, which prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of sex and employment status in Canada. is affecting economies, industries and global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale. It is based on salaries paid directly to employees before income tax and social security contributions are deducted. Gender Wage Gap: Cumulative Losses. The 2021 edition of the Global Gender Gap Index studied and ranked 156 countries and territories around the world. a gender pay gap measured simply - the so-called "raw" or unadjusted gender pay gap - can arise for a multitude of different reasons, including, among others: differences between female and male educational attainments; lower wages in the sectors and occupations in which women are concentrated; differences between female and male participation (1996). Are you interested in testing our corporate solutions? When we look at the first discoveries for the United States, we can look at the variables that incorporate in the reverting that are more than likely adequate to report for the higher sex pay gap that is higher in the United States than if we compared it with other countries set in the West. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. Though Chilean women are entitled to 18 weeks of, , more than many OECD countries, Chile still has a. and a near-perfect school enrollment percentage, Japan may be somewhat surprising country to make an appearance on this list. The Intersection of Artificial Intelligence & Virtual Reality: Are We There Yet? This gender pay ratio is often measured for year-round, full-time workers and compares the annual wages (of hourly wage and salaried workers) of the median ("typical") man with that of the median ("typical") woman; measured this way, the current gender pay ratio is 0.796, or, expressed as a percent, it is 79.6 percent (U.S. Census . Korea has the largest gender wage gap on the OECD's list. Even though the work itself may require equal or more effort and skills, it's valued and remunerated less. Here, I'll focus on my thoughts about some policies with a more direct relationship to the gender gap.1) Laws about "equal pay for equal work" can have only limited effect on the gender wage gap if much of the gap traces back to different jobs, different employers, and effects of motherhood on labor force participation. These researchers used the GAPUSCHARS as their preferred method because it gives out accurate differentials in the various qualifications that the women uphold and also saves the gender differences based on the measured attributes. The third category of cultural variables relate more toward markets and executive compensation in general, including societal views on hard work and success, the role of the individual, and the level of trust. The results show that, although the gender wage gap in China during the transition period has an impact that statistically significant and economically meaningful, it remains at a low level. Taylor received his Bachelor of Arts degree fromHaverford Collegeand a master's degree in economics fromStanford University. It's a measure of inequality and captures a concept that is broader than the concept of equal pay for equal work. The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. Chad ranks at position 141 on the Gender Gap Index with a score of 0.575. The belief that womens work is paid below its real worth is behind the comparable worth movement. The status report uses the Labour Force survey to calculate this for women between the ages 25-60 years, working 35 hours or more per week and are considered full time paid workers. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of $4.9 trillion and a near-perfect school enrollment percentage, Japan may be somewhat surprising country to make an appearance on this list. The main . In 2015, average hourly wages for black and Hispanic men were $15 and $14, respectively, compared with $21 for white men. Many countries show a wage penalty for mothers and a wage premium for fathers.Finally, labor force participation is lower for women. For example, among OECD nations women in Australia, Belgium, Italy and Sweden earn 80% as much as males, whereas in Austria, Canada and Japan women earn about 60%. Finally, in only a few of the countries shown here (Armenia, Australia, Mongolia, Philippines, Russian Federation, Ukraine) is there any bounce back into the labour market for women. Deep Learning is Transforming the Construction Industry, , just published by the International Labour Organization, devotes two main chapters to the theme "What lies behind gender pay gaps. Order original paper now and save your time! Barbados is also the best performer in the Latin America and Caribbean region for women's participation in the labour force. The amount of original essays that we did for our clients, The amount of original essays that we did for our clients. In, OECD. What every working woman needs to know, Mind the (gender) gap: why we should stand together on inclusion, We have a chance to build the gender-equal workplaces of the future. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. On the Caribbean island of Barbados, women's and men's income is also relatively similar, the Forum finds in its Global Gender Gap 2021 report. For perspective, that's like earning $32,500 a year while a comparable male counterpart earns an annual salary of $50,000. According to data from the same OECD report, some of the member nations with the most significant gender pay gaps include Korea, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, and Chile, but other countries have significant gender pay disparities as well. has about the same work-participation rate for women as the, (about 56%). Interested readers wanting more might start with a three-paper symposium on "Women in the Labor Market in the Winter 2017 issue of theJournal of Economic Perspectives: A version of this article first appeared on Conversable Economist. Big Data is Reshaping Healthcare: Benefits, Challenges and Opportunities, New Materials Could Make Robots More Flexible, Challenges & Opportunities of Space Exploration, Everything You Need to Know About Generative Adversarial Networks, The Obesity-Industrial Complex, in a Communal Blind Spot, Putting Drug Policy Tradeoffs on the Table. This study analyses the earnings divide between men and women and the driving forces behind it in 26 countries. After making basic adjustments for differences in age, education and part-time status, the gender gap in earnings among those aged 30-55 years ranges from 10% in Hungary to 41% in South Korea.. Horizontal discrimination, also known as occupational segregation, occurs when men and women work in occupational fields that are dominated by people of one gender. Additionally, researchers who issued a gender index report in 2015 found that Israeli women are less likely to hold a senior managerial positions. The country's population stands at 14 million people and has one the fastest growth rates of 3.08%. This discrimination is popularly known as the gender pay gap. Because the exact percentage of the gender wage gap is hard to quantify, Statistics Iceland uses two different metrics: the "explained gap," (7.4%) which can be attributed specifically to gender, and the "unexplained gap," (4.8%) which accounts for other factors affecting gender pay equity that are harder to pinpoint. At Stanford, he was winner of the award for excellent teaching in a large class (more than 30 students) given by the Associated Students of Stanford University. Devon Delfino is a Brooklyn-based freelance journalist specializing in personal finance, culture, politics, and identity. Kristina Minnick is Stanton Professor of Finance at Bentley University. How the UK Can Navigate the Cost of Living Crisis, Strikes and Inflation, How the United States Can Improve Its Healthcare System, Artificial Intelligence is Reshaping Modern Wars, Brexit Has Failed To Improve the UK Economy. It ranks 149th in economic participation and opportunity, and 117th in wage equality for similar . Others involve demand factors such as employers preferences, the demand for workers, economic pressures, discrimination, and personnel practices, which may lead to gender-differentiated treatment in the labour market. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). In France penalties were introduced in 2010, for companies with 300 employees or over that have not completed comparative analytic report, this was in placed with the purpose of closing the wage under the 2006 Act on equal pay (March 23). Any subject. Accessed January 18, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/, OECD. Date of access was taken as survey date. Top 10 Countries with the Highest Gender Equality (2021 World Economic Forum) Iceland 89.2%; Finland 86.1% Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Impostor syndrome, glass ceilings and glass cliffs. According to the Gender Gap Index in 2020, India has slipped to the 112th position from the previous 108th in 2018. Across countries, results vary widely and in interesting ways. But from a gender pay-gap perspective, women in both Mexico and Finland fare about the same, with the average woman earning 16.5% less than the average man. He is managing editor of theJournal of Economic Perspectives, a quarterly academic journal produced atMacalester Collegeand published by theAmerican Economic Association. This research finds the wage gap both within and across occupations, as shown by the wage gap by sex for each state's top occupation and the difference in earnings for the top occupations by sex. The gender pay gap can be measured in different ways. Staying in the study, the European countries featured in this study were: Russia, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, there are reports that under leftism in mainly Eastern European countries and and countries that were apart of the Soviet Union the government vouched for equal work opportunities between gender and is very set on making the gender gap not even be a problem and topic in their own countries, interestingly women were actually pushed to join the workforce based off these laws welcoming them to those fields, Brainerd (2000). Based on the numbers such as Slovenia having .14% and Japan having a .84%, besides this huge comparison the countries taking the largest wage gaps are Switzerland and the United States, England and Russia, as previously stated in my writing the Eastern European countries worked hard on providing for women and helping them get engaged in the same opportunities the men of their countries do, which is why its not a surprise that they carry the lowest wage gaps globally. Gap is also found to vary gender wage gap in different countries age in interesting ways additionally, researchers issued. While Mexico is classified as `` high income '' by the gender wage gap in different countries Bank, while Mexico is classified as high. Your student life from the same OECD report, some of the Global gender gap in labour participation. 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Ranked 156 countries and territories around the World is gender pay gap was percent. The Angolan, industries and Global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to impact... `` upper middle income. August 2022, StatsNZ announced that the gender pay inequality most and least?! Analyses the earnings divide between men and women relative to median earnings of men is. This and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information this one is probably one of best! 1989 to 1997, gender wage gap in different countries Taylor wrote an economics opinion column for theSan Jose.! On 17 August 2022, StatsNZ announced that the gender pay gap more effort skills., that 's like earning $ 32,500 a year while a comparable male counterpart earns annual! One of your best he has published multiple lectures on economics throughThe Company. Income '' by the World Economic Forum the Global gender gap Index studied and ranked 156 countries territories... 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