long term responses to iceland volcano 2010

The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. ADS J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Long term responses of the Iceland eruption The EU now has an integrated structure for air traffic management. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. Test. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). There is a glacier above the volcano. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. To obtain The last eruption from E15 was in 1821 and so the volume of ash produced was expected. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. Flashcards. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. They registered in and out of the area. And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. It is important to note that these networks have become more accessible and much greater with the advent of social media and the reliance on it for risk and crisis communication (Bird et al., 2012, Sennert et al., 2015), notwithstanding the challenges that brings. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. ADS Internet Explorer). Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. Test. This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. It can be annoying. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. 2). Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). It is a small community. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? Hazard management of the Iceland eruption I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. or more economically developed countries. Long-term responses . Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). I know most of the people that live here. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). Report to ICAO-June 2012. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). . I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. . Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . Long Term. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. 6). These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. Risk Anal 32:601615. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Find out why This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. They banded together with neighbours and friends to help each other through the tough times but they also had great concerns for their livestock. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. . During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015.

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